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Introduced 23 March 1848, re-introduced in
1919 and again 23 May 1949. The German national colours are those of the
arms, which are the same as the arms of the Holy Roman Empire: black for
the eagle, read for its beak and claws, and yellow for the golden
shield. They featured in the uniform worn by the Lutzow Free Corps
(black greatcoats, red facings and hems, golden buttons) during the war
of liberation in 1813-15, when the trend towards the unification of
Germany was growing. The horizontal tri-colour of black-red-gold became
the national flag of the German Federation in 1848 and was replaced in
1867 with a tri-colour of black-white-red, which was in use until 1919
and again in 1933-35.
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